The semiconductors' industry has prominently risen given the increased application of smart chips in electronics. Semiconductor chips power the basic electronics that people use every day such as smartphones, laptops, and cars. At their standard price, a single chip may cost as much as $10 cents. However, this single chip, as the most vital component of a circuit board, can impact the production of a whole industry.

A rising source of concern has prevailed over the chips industry after the shortage experienced amidst the Covid-19 pandemic that costed the US economy around $240bn in 2020-2021.^[1] In particular, the automobile industry had a significant backdrop to its yearly revenues.

In modern times, the semiconductor industry has gained strategic value by inducing global competition and creating a transnational network of producers and manufacturers concentrating in the South-East region of Asia. As one of the most important innovative sectors of application, artificial intelligence technologies rely on intelligent chips to effectively function.

• Read more: Is there a possible change in the leadership of the Republican Party? Ron DeSantis grows stronger

Since the Covid-19 pandemic broke across the globe about 27 months ago, complications in the global supply chain of semiconductor chips gained momentum, effectively increasing the already existing shortage of chips supply. As the South-East region of Asia continues to grow to be the world's most important, semiconductor industry hub, the United States and the European Union have mobilized legislative action to foster industrial investment in this sector.

The United States legislative initiative “Chips for America Act” was introduced to the House in 2020. At its core, the Act aims at boosting domestic competitively by introducing an ‘income tax credit for semiconductor equipment or manufacturing facility investment.’^[2]  Companies like Intel have welcomed the initiative as it will substantially benefit this sector by reducing its dependency and outsourcing from Asia. Evidence of this support is currently reflected on Intel’s investment in Italy and Ireland, which will host the company’s new fab labs.

Likewise, the US has vocalized its support for the Union’s own legislative proposal, the “European Chips Act”. These instruments aim at increasing the share of global semiconductor production. However, legislative mobilization can not be expected to solve the current commercial situation. In the US, the Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) has highlighted that most industry analysts expect the shortage to linger into 2022. Indeed, this comes without surprise as the geopolitical uncertainties in East Asia and currently in Eastern Europe with the Russian invasion of Ukraine might complicate the recovery of supply chains.

But why should this be relevant for the end-users? While the full implications of these policies and investments will come after their implementation into national legislation, the steady inflation rates witnessed in the early months of 2022 will further extend the financial burden of end-users. For commonly used electronic devices such as smartphones, laptops and smart appliances, the price increases will be more noticeable.

For private companies, the development of these legislative initiatives comes with a heavy burden and risks as their investments largely depend on Congress passing the CHIPS Act and more importantly, on financing the initial bit. Since 2021, no real progress has been made and consequently, the industry continues to suffer the losses rooted in the disruption of the supply chain.  In this context, while aiming at domestic investment and manufacturing, Congress has the risk of losing the legislative impetus from 2021- against a protectionist narrative that might sweep the public support. Congressional efforts to re-shore chip manufacturing through the “Chips for America” has not been the only effort pushed by the US, but this proposal has been further complemented by the House funding package introduced in February 2022, the American Competes Act and the Senate’s $250 billion versions of the measure, the U.S. Innovation and Competition Act. Both measures seek to support scientific research and the development of new technologies.

However, one must not overlook that this legislative mobilization, recently coined as “silicon nationalism”, runs the risk of becoming protectionist and contingent on bipartisan division resulting in an even greater cost to the industry. Accordingly, the perseverance of the industry in overcoming these challenges will determine its future success.

• Read more: The United States accepts China's challenge. Biden leads the establishment of "Partners in the Blue Pacific"

From a transatlantic perspective, the US-EU semiconductor investment is aimed at ensuring and securing the supply chain and avoiding subsidy races. However, the future of such cooperation will be determined in the years to come amidst the current negotiations being carried out under the framework of the Technology and Trade Council (TTC).

As the US Congress still seeks to finalize its Chips for America Act, the shortage of semiconductor chips still continues setting the automobile industry in record-lost numbers. Truly enough,  no short-term solutions exist for the automotive semiconductor crisis.^[3] However, one thing is certain, the smart race in Artificial Intelligence technologies continues to take place under the umbrella of the semiconductor chips. The control for the such important resource may indeed determine and steer the development of such technological innovation. For this matter, the relevance of procuring and securing resource channels.

Katja-Elisabeth Herrmann

Katja-Elisabeth works as a research fellow at the Warsaw Institute. She has a background in Transatlantic Affairs from the College of Europe (Warsaw, Poland) and the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. Additionally, Katja-Elisabeth holds a BA in International Relations and International Organizations which she combined with a degree in International and European Law from the University of Groningen. During her undergraduate studies, her main focus explored the nexus between technology and law in the European Union.

This article was written as part of the statutory activities of the Polish think tank Warsaw Institute. If you appreciate the content prepared by our partner, we appeal to you for financial support for this non-profit organisation.

More information:
www.warsawinstitute.org/support/

The magnificent capital of the UK, London, is a popular relocation destination, judging by the reported 219 thousand that moved into the city in 2020.

However, living in the British metropolis may come with some drawbacks. Criminality has become a buzzword for residents and newcomers alike, especially with the recent spike in violent crime.

The recent increase in the occurrence of violent crime and other offences prompts the question: is it safe to live in UK’s capital in 2022?

We will explore the risks and potential issues that new residents of London’s metropolitan area may face and dispel any myths and misconceptions. The verdict may be shocking, but not for the expected reasons.

Is knife crime really an issue?

We understand that the likelihood of knife crime is a burning question for many, especially in light of heavy media coverage from various tabloids and serious news sources.

But does living in London correspond to an increase in the chance of being victimised in a violent offence? Most experts would dispute and nuance such statements. There are several reasons not to fear knife crime when moving to London.

Knife crime makes up a small fraction of all offences

Anti-social behaviour was the city's most frequent type of crime this year, with violent and sexual offences coming a close second.

Knife crime makes up an even smaller fraction of the overall violent crimes.

Current estimates place the total number of crimes at 1,079,602. One in every 3.56 counts was represented by anti-social behaviour, with a current rate of 33.85. Comparatively, violent and sexual offences made up one in every 4.4 cases, resulting in a rate of 27.36.

The rates for the latter are still relatively high. Still, there is a greater risk of being witness to antisociality than facing a violent encounter.

There is a caveat, however. When judging by the overall change in rates, while both increased from last year, violent crimes did considerably more, with an 81% increase compared to the 67% increase for anti-social crime.

Nonetheless, this fact still does not justify fearing knife crime when residing in the city. The most significant rate increases per type of crime are encountered for shoplifting (95%), theft from persons (95%), and bicycle theft (91%).

The bottom line is that judging by the current trends, living in London may prove riskier for your bike than for your life soon.

Moving to London may be safer than other parts of England

UK’s capital clearly has a criminality issue, one that may be attributable to any large city. However, in recent years, violent crime trends slowly shifted away from the big city.

Authorities reported a 2% increase in violence against persons, compared to a 7% increase in England. Sexual offence trends are even more concerning, with the capital seeing 2% fewer offences while the rates across England stagnate.

Once again, the only genuine concern for people moving to London is theft which makes up around 50% of recorded offences for the metropolitan area.

Violence will only decrease, although slowly

The Metropolitan police have been doing a great job curbing violence across all boroughs, with all areas of the city seeing better conditions.

This has, in part, been the result of Sadiq Khan's decision to lend £500,000 for a Violence Reduction Unit. The move mirrors Chicago's or Glasgow's successful efforts to reduce violence across densely populated and generally economically disparaged areas.

However, some commentators considered the starting budget for the new VRU to be insufficient.

Nonetheless, no matter how slow the process may be, residing in the Metropolitan area will only get safer in the future.

Safest places to live in London

Safety will vary on the area

The situation of safety in the Metropolitan area should not be painted with broad strokes.

The truth is that criminal offences are somewhat restricted to certain disadvantaged boroughs and areas.

Exceptions exist, with Westminster being a central borough that tops the list of the riskiest areas to live in, with 203.6 crimes per 1000 residents.

However, the most dangerous parts of town are home to lower-class, economically burdened populations and have a historical tie to violence.

Perhaps surprisingly, the safest areas are located on the outskirts of the Metropolitan area, with central zones seeing higher concentrations of criminality.

The costs of living in London

Moving to London may seem appealing, especially since you understand that criminality should not be a concern.

However, another severe aspect to consider when planning to relocate to the city is the living costs in London.

The estimated monthly costs of living in London are £917.18 for a single person and £3197.80 for a family of four, excluding rent.

You can add an additional £1572 a month for the average rent across the city. Naturally, London living costs vary from borough to borough due to gentrification.

Areas with the lowest living costs in London

Costs of living in London in comparison

• Dublin – 9.91% cheaper, rent is 10.87% lower
• Manchester – 17.94% lower living costs, 48.60% cheaper rent
• Liverpool – 17.23% cheaper, 63.21% cheaper rent
• Glasgow – 22.09% cheaper to live, 56.77% cheaper rent
• Edinburgh – 22.52% cheaper living cost, 48.60% cheaper rent
• Copenhagen – 0.72% more expensive than London, rent is 30.04% lower
• Paris – 7.75% less expensive, rent is 32.38% lower
• Berlin – 18,64% cheaper to live, rent is 44.36% lower
• New York – 25.15% more expensive to live, 56.65% higher rent
• San Francisco – 19.92% more expensive, 46.59% higher rent
• Los Angeles – 1.10% cheaper, rent is 18.20% higher

Is London a good place to live?

Most will tell you that moving to London comes with multiple perks and opportunities for your life.

What is certain is that, at least on an economic level, the UK’s capital comes with an estimated average salary of £53700 a year. Moving to London comes with no real risks to your life or wellbeing. The biggest concern you will face is the higher cost of living in the better parts of the city.

The bottom line is that the only real problem you should dwell on is your economic safety.

Despite the fact that there are more than two years left until the presidential election in the United States, the discussion about the potential candidates of both parties warms observers of American politics. On the part of the Democrats, the incumbent president, Joe Biden, is announcing a battle for re-election. Everyone's eyes, however, are on the other side of the political spectrum, where the position of Florida Governor Ron DeSantis is growing.

With the decline in the popularity of the current US president due to rampant inflation in the United States and Donald Trump's political stagnation due to the activities of the commission investigating the events of January 6, 2021 in the US Capitol, American society may look for alternatives. While the Democratic leadership is not currently in a position to put forward a serious candidate to replace Joe Biden, the situation on the American right appears to be much more dynamic.

As reported by the American media, the financial support of leading Republican donors for Donald Trump's campaign in a potential run in the 2024 presidential election has been gradually declining. This is the case, inter alia, because of the increasing amount of information disclosed by the House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack.[1] Florida governor Ron DeSantis himself stood up for the former president of the United States, but on the other hand he made it clear that he did not need Trump's support in the race for re-election in his home state.

• Read more: The United States accepts China's challenge. Biden leads the establishment of "Partners in the Blue Pacific"

Although many observers of American politics believe that Trump, due to his high recognition among Republican voters, is the undisputed leader of the American right, it is worth observing the increase in popularity of the politician, who may become an important player in the fight for the nomination of the Republican Party in 2024. All the research conducted in this area confirms that Ron DeSantis is approaching the top of the list.

The commission, whose vice-chairman is Liz Cheney (R-WY), reveals more and more facts that are inconvenient for the GOP leader, which directly affect his perception in American society. A dozen or so auditions that have already taken place have revealed more details of the events from one and a half years ago. This includes the testimony of Cassidy Hutchinson, who was an adviser to Trump's chief of staff Mark Meadows. Hutchinson indicated that Trump was aware of the threat posed by weapons that could have been brought by supporters of the former US president at the Capitol. Testimony from a member of Trump's staff also shows that he was determined to use a number of means, including spreading "rigged elections" theories to stay in power. Reports like these definitely do not improve the current image of Donald Trump in American society, not even among his "hard" electorate. The United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack has been operating in the House of Representatives for just over a year.

At that time, public support for Donald Trump, despite slight fluctuations, remained at a similar level of about 41 percent.[2] In similar charts, DeSantis receives double-digit results, which are clearly marked by an upward trend. The state of Colorado is an example of communities where the governor of Florida has overtaken Donald Trump in the pre-election polls. In early June 2022, it indicated 71 percent approval of DeSantis, which was four points ahead of Trump. In a poll conducted at the Western Conservative Summit, no other candidate received even 30 percent of the vote. Similar results from a survey of DeSantis ahead of the former US president were also obtained at the Wisconsin Republican Convention.[3]

Despite the fact that Trump himself remains the leader of popularity among GOP voters, the actions of the commission in the House of Representatives can effectively force changes in the distribution of power within the party. A New Hampshire University poll shows that Governor Ron DeSantis can be very competitive not only in the face of a potential intra-party race with former President Donald Trump, but also with President Joe Biden.

The study shows that in a potential electoral comparison between Joe Biden and Ron DeSantis (excluding Donald Trump from the rivalry), the Republican candidate would win. According to New Hampshire University experts, the current Florida governor could count not only on his electorate, but also on 97 percent of voters who voted for Donald Trump in the previous election. In the end, that would give DeSantis a win over Biden 47 to 46 percent of the vote. This is, of course, the limit of a statistical error, but in the same study, when assessing Biden's re-clash with Trump, most respondents, despite historically low public support for the Democratic leader, still favor the current US president.[4]

Moreover, a survey conducted in the last days of June by Yahoo News / YouGov found Trump beating DeSantis in a national poll for GOP nominations with an increasingly dwindling lead. This is a figure of 44 percent to 33 percent. Among registered voters, the difference was even smaller, amounting to only 45 to 36 percent.[5] These are the best results for the Florida governor in the history of the 2024 pre-election analysis.

• Read more: Lloyd Austin is making ranks among the allies of the United States. The RIMPAC 2022 is coming

Ron DeSantis' position among Republican Party voters grows in direct proportion to the gentle declines recorded by Donald Trump. The current governor of Florida seems to be an interesting alternative to the growing part of the conservative electorate in the United States. Despite the fact that DeSantis has declared that he is not currently interested in running in the presidential election, the growing expectations of the republican voters may help to change this decision. It also seems that despite the still huge support of Republican voters for Donald Trump, the results of the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack may largely determine the future of his candidacy.

Jan Hernik 

Editor in chief, Expert

Jan Hernik is a journalist and publicist who gained experience in Polish independent Internet media broadcasts. In his career, he participated in the creation of projects related to domestic policy and geopolitics. Hernik has an experience in working as a TV presenter and editor of a news portal. At the Warsaw Institute, he is the editor-in-chief and expert in the field of the United States.

Hernik is a graduate of the American Studies Center at the University of Warsaw. He specializes in the theory of religion, race and ethnicity for political choice in the U.S presidential elections. His research interests also include the colonial era of the United States, the right to bear arms and the American liberal thought.

This article was written as part of the statutory activities of the Polish think tank Warsaw Institute. If you appreciate the content prepared by our partner, we appeal to you for financial support for this non-profit organisation.

More information:
www.warsawinstitute.org/support/

On June 24, 2022, a new initiative was launched to respond to the growing interference of the People's Republic of China in the Pacific island region. China, trying to move the boundary of its influence further and further, wants not only to tighten economic and defense cooperation with small island states in the Pacific, but above all to tear them away from the protection of the United States. The leaders of the newly formed coalition, led by President Joe Biden, include the United States, Australia, Japan, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.

During his recent meetings at the international level, the US President devoted a lot of time to building relations with representatives of allied countries in the Indo-Pacific. Joe Biden visited Asia for the first time as president in late May this year to strengthen ties with South Korea during his visit to Seoul and two days later at the QUAD summit in Tokyo. It is also worth noting that on May 31, 2022, the Prime Minister of New Zealand, Jacinda Ardern, visited the White House.

• Read more: Lloyd Austin is making ranks among the allies of the United States. The RIMPAC 2022 is coming

The president's administration spends a lot of time building relations with allies in the Pacific and managing relations with the People's Republic of China. This is evidenced by the presence of US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin at the Shangri-La Asia Security Summit in Singapore. On June 11, Austin not only met with his Australian and Japanese counterparts there, but the day before he had his first meeting with his Chinese counterpart Wei Fenghe. The diplomatic turbulence of the statements by the Chinese representative confirmed the Americans in the belief that the People's Republic of China is not focused on maintaining the status quo in the region, so the Joe Biden administration, in agreement with its allies, decided to launch another initiative aimed at facing Chinese expansion.

A statement released on the White House website indicates that they plan to use their potential to ensure "prosperity, resilience and security in the Pacific." The means to achieve the set goal is cooperation with countries that are directly exposed to the growing territorial, economic and military aspirations of the People's Republic of China. Mention is made here, inter alia, of about Fiji, Micronesia or Tonga.

In the official media information of the Joe Biden administration, we read about three areas of cooperation on which the Partners in the Blue Pacific initiative will focus:

1. Efficiency and performance in the Indo-Pacific

The demands of the five countries are to be based on the upcoming 2050 Pacific Islands Forum strategy for the Blue Pacific.

2. Strengthening regionalism

The PBP will develop closer contacts with Pacific Island State Governments and the Pacific Islands Forum, facilitating stronger and more regular engagement with countries launching a new initiative in the region.

3. Expanding opportunities for cooperation between the Pacific and the world

PBP will encourage and facilitate greater involvement in the Pacific through any other partner who shares the Pacific's values and aims to work constructively and transparently for the benefit of the people of the region.[1]

Building ever-wider alliances and collaborations to support the islands in the Indo-Pacific region is another step for the United States to respond to a growing Chinese initiative. Joe Biden's administration and the countries of the Free World see the threat that goes along with the progressive aspirations of the PRC. Actions in the East are not the only tool of the US in building resistance, also at the NATO summit in Madrid, which took place on June 28-30, 2022, the topic of the Chinese threat was raised for the first time in history. Representatives of partners from the Pacific region also attended the meeting of the leaders of the North Atlantic Alliance. We are talking about leading politicians from Australia, New Zealand, Japan and South Korea.

At a time when media headlines are dominated by topics related to Russia's aggression against Ukraine, the administration of Joe Biden, together with the leading leaders of the countries of the Pacific region and the world, is proving that it is not losing sight of the greatest threat, which they see in the form of totalitarian actions, the expansion of the Chinese People's Army Liberation, economic and territorial expansion of China. The partial neutralization of China also means an indirect weakening of the regime of Vladimir Putin, which remains in constant agreement with Xi Jinping.

Jan Hernik 

Editor in chief, Expert

Jan Hernik is a journalist and publicist who gained experience in Polish independent Internet media broadcasts. In his career, he participated in the creation of projects related to domestic policy and geopolitics. Hernik has an experience in working as a TV presenter and editor of a news portal. At the Warsaw Institute, he is the editor-in-chief and expert in the field of the United States.

Hernik is a graduate of the American Studies Center at the University of Warsaw. He specializes in the theory of religion, race and ethnicity for political choice in the U.S presidential elections. His research interests also include the colonial era of the United States, the right to bear arms and the American liberal thought.

photo: Twitter

Representatives of all the most important countries located in the Indo-Pacific region met during the 21st Asia Shangri-La Security Summit in Singapore. Representatives of 42 countries attended the summit, including 37 delegates at ministerial level and over 30 senior defense officials. The Singapore meeting was an occasion for talks by leading allies opposing Chinese expansion in the Indo-Pacific region, led by US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin.

US Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin met his Japanese and Australian counterparts in Singapore on Saturday 11 June. Austin posed for photos with the Australian Defense Minister, Deputy Prime Minister Richard Marles and Japanese Defense Minister Nobuo Kishi. The trialogue of defense ministers was the tenth meeting of representatives of these countries. As reported in a communiqué issued by the US Department of Defense, representatives from the US, Australia and Japan expressed their vision to strengthen the regional security environment and committed to working together to take concrete, practical steps to ensure stability and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region. The meeting on the sidelines of the Singapore summit is a continuation of the White House's strategy to balance spheres of influence in the Indo-Pacific. The talks also resulted in a decision to tighten cooperation between the defense ministries of the three countries themselves, which definitely set the tone of the response to the growing tension in the South China Sea region.[1] Another result of the negotiations was Marles' visit to Japan a few days later.

An important voice of the representatives of the three countries was a firm opposition to the Chinese plans to violently disrupt the status quo in the Taiwan Strait. Defense ministers also announced joint military exercises, Rim of the Pacific 2022. RIMPAC 2022 maneuvers will be taking place at the end of June and will be an opportunity to participate in the monumental demonstration of the anti-Chinese alliance's strength at sea. They will be attended by countries associated in the QUAD format and key countries in the immediate vicinity of the South China Sea region. It is about Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei. In total, military units from 26 countries will take part in the exercises taking place in Honolulu and San Diego from June 29 to August 4. 38 surface ships, four submarines and 170 aircraft were included in the exercise. About 25,000 people will take part, including ground troops from nine countries.

• Read more: The hidden scale of cybercrime

On the sidelines of the IISS summit in Singapore, Lloyd Austin met his Chinese counterpart, Wei Fenghe, for the first time. The talks were held on Friday, June 10, and the main message of the meeting was to strive for stabilization in US-Chinese relations. This stabilization is to manifest itself in responsibility in bilateral relations and prudence in the management of communication channels on both sides. The Minister of Defense of the People's Republic of China, however, did not stop at diplomatic words, adding that any improvement in relations between the two countries may be conditioned by a change in the behavior of the United States. The Chinese representative expected the US to stop "slandering China" and "interfering in internal affairs" with the PRC. The tone of the Chinese representative was confusingly similar to the speech of the PRC Foreign Minister Wang Yi during last year's US-China summit in Alaska.

Fenghe's words met with an immediate reaction from Austin, who pointed to the provocative tone of these words and the destabilizing effect of the People's Republic of China's actions in the South China Sea region. The first meeting of US and PRC representatives at this level left many unknowns in the context of further developments in the region.

Due to the lack of clear declarations on both sides, the rebellious narrative led by the representatives of the government in Beijing, and the lack of drawing conclusions in the face of the consistently shifted "red line" by China, further escalation in the territorial claims of the "Middle State" can be expected. At present, the fight between the United States and China will take place in the field of allied negotiations with countries located in the Indo-Pacific region. It is about China's growing influence in India and its still significant dependence on Russian military. Despite geopolitical tensions between India and China, and despite India's ban on over 100 Chinese apps, Chinese investments in India's startup ecosystem have risen to over $ 14 billion in 2021. Everything seems to indicate that the growing economic position of China will force India to position itself towards common coexistence, although China is India's main competition in the region. As time goes on, it is expected that both superpowers will put pressure on Narend Modi's government to take more on one of the sides.

A similar example of countries participating in the game of both powers are also: Solomon Islands, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. It is for this reason that some of them have been included in the upcoming RIMPAC 2022 maneuvers. The Joe Biden administration, seeing the shaky balance of power in the already existing anti-Chinese coalition alliances, not only intensifies its presence at leading political summits, but also draws more countries into its game. An example of this is the growing cooperation of the USA with South Korea, whose president Yoon Suk-yeol has strongly sided with the countries of the Free World and was invited to the QUAD summit in Tokyo, which took place in May 2022. The Indo-Pacific is therefore in the eyes of the American administration and is becoming an increasingly important area of political action in order to maintain the status quo in the region.

Along with the development of technological innovation, cybercrime is growing, and companies are increasingly falling prey to it. According to the calculations of Chuck Robbins – CEO of Cisco, if you compare the amount of losses generated globally by online criminals with global economies, cybercriminals could successfully create the third largest economy in the world. It is estimated that in 2021, the cumulative losses resulting from criminal activity on the Internet amounted to approximately USD 6 trillion [1]. World Bank data presenting the world's largest economies currently rank the US (USD 20.9 trillion), China (USD 14.7 trillion) and Japan (USD 5 trillion) on the podium. A fictional cybercriminal country would push Japan to 4th place, while outclassing Poland, which would be ranked 22nd (0.6 trillion) in such a ranking.

The statistics quoted are to a large extent estimates. It is impossible to calculate the exact values of the losses. This is due to the fact that, to a large extent, these are intangible losses and it is very difficult to convert them directly into money. Another major challenge to accurately calculating the impact of cyber attacks remains the widespread failure to report cybercrime violations by businesses. This is a phenomenon that both the services in the USA and Poland are struggling with. The number of court proceedings regarding cybercrimes is incomparably lower than the number of cybersecurity incidents reported by security organizations. Statistical sources [2] show that these two measures are separated by several orders of magnitude. In the USA, the requirement to report ICT security incidents has been known for a long time, and in Poland it is also not new. Operators of key services, companies and local governments are required to report such incidents to CERT Polska, operating in NASK. Unfortunately, quite often incidents are not reported at all or their scale is underestimated. Research conducted by Karpersky showed that a few years ago, 40% of companies around the world consciously concealed security incidents. The same report emphasizes that concealing a situation often leads to dramatic consequences, increasing the damage. Even one unreported event can result in huge data leakage or damage to the entire infrastructure of the organization. Statistics show that disregarding and deliberately concealing incidents has a significant impact on the security of corporate data. According to the previously mentioned report [3], 46% of companies confirmed that incidents resulting from inappropriate actions of employees resulted in data leakage or compromised their security. More than a quarter of companies (28%) have lost customer information classified as confidential or very sensitive as a result of these employee negligence. 25% of the companies on the list have lost financial information, including payment information. These types of leaks can carry immediate financial losses and have a long-term impact on a company's reputation. That is why it is so important to react quickly when a security incident occurs in the company. It is important to train employees so that they are able not only to see threats, but also to mitigate the risk with their behavior.

• Read more: The United States reaffirms a strong strategic alliance with New Zealand

A separate problem related to the phenomenon of concealing cyber incidents and related losses is the fact that enterprises monitor incidents selectively. Companies, and especially large corporations, may be reluctant to report all incidents for fear of the potentially negative effects of disclosing this type of information. Admitting an incident could have an impact on the stock price, brand reputation or the imposition of financial penalties. Therefore, burglaries or leaks are not disclosed more than once, after the company has made an informed decision resulting from the analysis of the thresholds for the severity of the breach, as well as the legal and regulatory requirements.

In the aftermath of last year's Solarwinds [4] attack, the United States stepped up its efforts to foster a broader public-private partnership with a strong emphasis on developing legislation that paves the way for more common mandatory incident reporting requirements. The new regulations are also implemented by Poland on the basis of EU regulations such as NIS2 and DORA [5]. However, the regulations alone may not be enough to improve the statistics of cybercrime reports. Solving this problem requires companies to better train their employees, support and encourage internal reporting of incidents, and above all, sharing this information with authorities, organizations operating in the cybersecurity industry and the public. Disclosure of this type of information and implementation of mechanisms for their exchange will contribute to increasing the effectiveness of deterrence and defense against the growing problem of cybercrime.

Author:

Wiktor Sędkowski – graduated in Teleinformatics at the Wrocław University of Science and Technology, specialized in cybersecurity field. He is an expert on cyber threats. CISSP, OSCP and MCTS certificates holder. Worked as an engineer and solution architect for leading IT companies.

This article was written as part of the statutory activities of the Polish think tank Warsaw Institute. If you appreciate the content prepared by our partner, we appeal to you for financial support for this non-profit organisation.

More information:
www.warsawinstitute.org/support/

[1] https://www.varonis.com/blog/cybersecurity-statistics

[2] https://www.verizon.com/business/resources/reports/2020-data-breach-investigations-report.pdf

[3] https://plblog.kaspersky.com/the-human-factor-in-it-security/7079/

[4] https://www.cm-alliance.com/cybersecurity-blog/what-really-happened-in-the-solarwinds-cyber-attack

[5] https://cyberpolicy.nask.pl/wstepne-porozumienie-rady-i-parlamentu-europejskiego-na-temat-nis2/

President of the United States, Joe Biden, hosted the Prime Minister of New Zealand, Jacinda Ardern, at the White House on May 31, 2022. The aim of the meeting was to confirm the strong partnership between the two countries and to develop a joint response to the Solomon Islands pact with the People's Republic of China.

The New Zealand Prime Minister visited the US capital amid growing doubts about the security profile in the South Pacific. It is about an agreement between the Solomon Islands and the People's Republic of China, which poses a potential threat to increase the military presence of the Chinese People's Liberation Army in the region. During the meeting, the leaders reaffirmed the strong ties that bind both countries. They result, inter alia, from the Wellington Declaration (2010), which marked a new chapter in closer relations between the US and New Zealand. This agreement established a strategic partnership framework to shape future practical cooperation and political dialogue. It was signed on November 5, 2010 by the then US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of New Zealand Murray McCully.

• Read more: Biden welcomes Albanese among the great players. What will the relationship of the United States with Australia look like after the change of government in Canberra?

As the announcement on the White House website indicates, both Ardern and Biden points out a few key issues that will constitute permanent elements of the cooperation between the two countries.

I. Regional architecture and security

Despite the global overtone of the partnership between the United States and New Zealand, relations between the two countries are to focus mainly on cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region. The implementation of this postulate is a direct implementation of the assumptions of the Indo-Pacific Strategy of the administration of Joe Biden. One of the US plans in the region is to support the building of sovereign and prosperous countries based on the international order. To this end, both countries support the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) initiative.

II. Prosperity in the Indo-Pacific

The US and New Zealand intend to strengthen cooperation to promote the growth of both economies for the benefit of all their citizens and to explore how bilateral agreements can expand trade and investment to strengthen supply chain security and economic resilience. To this end, the United States and New Zealand will resume their annual discussions on the Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA).

In order to achieve the above goals, both countries also declare full cooperation within the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) announced by Joe Biden at the recent QUAD summit in Tokyo. Both the US President and the New Zealand Prime Minister also stressed the importance of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).

It was an honor to welcome Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern of New Zealand to the White House for a bilateral meeting. We worked to advance the U.S.-New Zealand partnership and our shared vision of a free, open, and resilient Indo-Pacific. pic.twitter.com/xUbENyBTM1

— President Biden (@POTUS) May 31, 2022

III. Challenges of the 21st century

At this point, mentioned in the official White House note, you can read about the strengthening of cooperation in the fight against global warming and the management of ocean space by the maritime democracies of the Indo-Pacific region. President Biden and Prime Minister Ardern have also committed to ending the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic while working to prevent, detect, prepare for and respond to future global health emergencies and pandemic threats.

Biden's meeting with Ardern is a continuation of a series of activities aimed at strengthening the position of the United States and its allies in the Indo-Pacific region. It was the culmination of the May plan, which included the Washington Summit attended by Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) leaders; allied visit of Biden to South Korea and Japan; and the summit in Tokyo among the leaders of the associated countries in the QUAD format.

All the above-mentioned projects are a direct response to the growing territorial aspirations of the People's Republic of China in the region. Since Xi Jinping took power in Beijing in 2013, China's involvement in claims and threats to countries in the Indo-Pacific region has increased significantly. In this way, Xi conducts the policy of the so-called "Chinese dream", the main goal of which is maximum expansion. New Zealand also expressed concerns about China's presence in the Indo-Pacific region following Beijing's security agreement with the Solomon Islands.

During the 80 years of diplomatic relations between the US and New Zealand, bilateral relations have brought tangible benefits to their citizens. However, the present times require more decisive steps to be taken to ensure the security and sovereignty of the countries located in the Indo-Pacific area. Jacinda Ardern left Washington with Joe Biden's strong assurance, summed up in the words engraved on a memorial plaque for the Marine Corps in Wellington, New Zealand: "If you ever need a friend, you've got one."

Jan Hernik 

Editor in chief, Expert

Jan Hernik is a journalist and publicist who gained experience in Polish independent Internet media broadcasts. In his career, he participated in the creation of projects related to domestic policy and geopolitics. Hernik has an experience in working as a TV presenter and editor of a news portal. At the Warsaw Institute, he is the editor-in-chief and expert in the field of the United States.

Hernik is a graduate of the American Studies Center at the University of Warsaw. He specializes in the theory of religion, race and ethnicity for political choice in the U.S presidential elections. His research interests also include the colonial era of the United States, the right to bear arms and the American liberal thought.

This article was written as part of the statutory activities of the Polish think tank Warsaw Institute. If you appreciate the content prepared by our partner, we appeal to you for financial support for this non-profit organisation.

More information:
www.warsawinstitute.org/support/

photo: Twitter

Joe Biden officially welcomed Australia's new prime minister among the representatives of the leading nations in the Indo-Pacific. Anthony Albanese is the leader of the Australian Labor Party, which won the elections on May 21, three days before the QUAD summit in Tokyo. Despite the departure from power of the coalition of the Liberal Party and the Nationals, the direction of Australian politics is still aimed at a strong alliance with the United States.

American diplomacy issued official congratulations to Australia's new prime minister the day after the elections. US Secretary of State Antony Blinken conveyed his best wishes on the occasion of the win to the head of the Australian Labor Party, stressing that Australia is a key ally of the United States in securing peace and democracy in this region of the world.

A few days later, during the bilateral talks on the occasion of the QUAD summit, President Joe Biden himself congratulated Anthony Albanese and expressed his gratitude for the decision to go to Japan on the first day of his term in office. The way Joe Biden greeted Anthony Albanese on Tuesday suggested that the US president and Australian prime minister would get along well.

President Biden reaffirmed his continued support for, and commitment to, the United States' multi-level cooperation with Australia. The US president also praised Australia's decisive action to help Ukraine attacked by the Russian Federation. The leaders of both countries also agreed that constant solidarity and assistance to Ukrainians is a preventive measure to ensure that a similar event never happens in the waters of the Indo-Pacific. The official statement of the White House after this meeting also shows that politicians praised the progress of allied cooperation within AUKUS, and Albanese declared his full support for the American plan of the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework.[1]

Great to meet @POTUS today to reaffirm the warm friendship between our two nations based on our shared values. We discussed AUKUS, working together with regional partners, and making comprehensive action on climate change a new pillar of our Alliance. pic.twitter.com/vEB9UY0cuo

— Anthony Albanese (@AlboMP) May 24, 2022

Despite the short time since the elections, the government led by Australia's new prime minister has proven its intention to pursue the US Pacific strategy. At a time when China entered into a partnership with the Solomon Islands that could significantly strengthen China's economic and military presence in the region, new head of Australian diplomacy Penny Wong traveled to Fiji to meet Prime Minister Frank Bainimaram. New Foreign Minister has promised to treat the Pacific island nations with respect and pledged decisive action to curb China's recent actions in response to its attempts to increase its influence on the region's economy and security.

• Read more: Biden confirms 'Pax Americana' in the Indo-Pacific region

It's no secret that the Anthony Albanese political camp publicly criticized the previous administration for allowing China to expand its influence in the South Pacific region. According to the announcements of the new government in Canberra, Australia will significantly contribute to the realization of American interests in the region. This includes an increase in spending by $ 500 million for climate purposes. Anthony Albanese was also one of the initiators of QUAD's new alliance efforts to curb China's illegal fishing.

Penny Wong's visit to Fiji is fully coordinated with the actions of American politicians responsible for this region of the world. As reported by the Financial Times, Kurt Campbell, a leading US White House official dealing with Indo-Pacific affairs, visited the region last month. Campbell also had a video interview with Bainiramama to discuss increased security and economic deals.[2]

As reported by Al Jazeera, as a result of increased diplomatic engagement by the United States and Australia, Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi and his counterparts from 10 Pacific island nations did not reach consensus during talks on a wide-ranging security and trade agreement due to concerns that the proposal could "threaten regional stability".[3] This fact can be regarded in part as one of the first fruits of collaboration between the new Australian government and the Joe Biden administration.

The continuation of allied cooperation activities with the United States and Great Britain and the decisive participation of representatives of the new Australian government in the QUAD summit is a visible symbol of Albanese's desire to strengthen allied relations as part of initiatives aimed at ensuring security and economic diversification in the Indo-Pacific region. These goals fully coincide with those of the Joe Biden administration, which has made it his goal to continue and develop the doctrine of "Pivot to Asia" initiated by his own party representative, Hillary Rodham Clinton.

Jan Hernik 

Editor in chief, Expert

Jan Hernik is a journalist and publicist who gained experience in Polish independent Internet media broadcasts. In his career, he participated in the creation of projects related to domestic policy and geopolitics. Hernik has an experience in working as a TV presenter and editor of a news portal. At the Warsaw Institute, he is the editor-in-chief and expert in the field of the United States.

Hernik is a graduate of the American Studies Center at the University of Warsaw. He specializes in the theory of religion, race and ethnicity for political choice in the U.S presidential elections. His research interests also include the colonial era of the United States, the right to bear arms and the American liberal thought.

photo: Twitter

The President of the United States made an important visit to Asia. The purpose of the Joe Biden administration was to explicitly respond to the growing threat posed by the Xi Jinping regime to the anti-Chinese states. Biden visited South Korea and Japan, where he took part in the next summit of the member states in the QUAD format.

Joe Biden's visit to Asia began in South Korea on May 20, 2022 and lasted two days. During this time, the US president met with the recently sworn in president of the Republic of Korea, Yoon Suk-yeol. The conversation between the leaders of both countries was not a coincidence, as it was Yoon Suk-yeol in his election campaign who called for a significant strengthening of bilateral relations between the United States and South Korea. The message promoted by the Korean politician goes hand in hand with the voice of most of the countries in the region that are resisting China's growing territorial and political aspirations. The reason for actions to strengthen relations with Washington is not only the issue of the threat coming from North Korea, but also from the People's Republic of China in the Indo-Pacific region.

The American delegation's talks with South Korean representatives resulted in a series of agreements that include cooperation in the fields of semiconductor production, batteries, civil nuclear energy, space research development, cyberspace and other emerging industries. The goal of the leaders of both countries is also to strive for economic diversification of South Korea, so as to make it as independent as possible from China, which still remains the main trading partner of the country led by Yoon Suk-yeol. President Biden's administration is well aware of the economic and defense potential represented by the Republic of Korea. The potential weakening of the economic ties or the complete severance of South Korea's economic ties with China will mean losses of Xi Jinping's regime amounting to up to $ 150 billion annually. This was the value of Chinese exports to South Korea last year.[1] However, Korea is gradually breaking its economic ties with the People's Republic of China, in April 2022 the value of their exports to China fell by almost $ 26 billion.[2] Biden's visit to this country is a clear response to China's growing sphere of influence. The United States shows that it continues to have full control and arguments towards the proliferation of the Pax Americana doctrine in this region of the world.

• Read more: AUKUS as a prelude to the expansion of the Anglo-Saxon counteroffensive in the Indo-Pacific?

After his visit to Korea, Joe Biden landed in Japan, where the group of the most important US partners in the region was expanded by representatives of the QUAD countries. On Monday, the US President, during a joint press conference with Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida, gave a strong start to his visit, assuring that in the event of a mainland China attack on Taiwan, the US would respond militarily. The words spoken in the near vicinity of the People's Republic of China are of great importance and constitute a serious warning to the Xi Jinping regime. They are a signal to the Chinese communists that the United States is confident and absolutely ready to defend its hegemony.

Today I had the pleasure of meeting with PM Kishida @JPN_PMO, @POTUS and @narendramodi at the Quad Summit in Tokyo. We affirmed our shared commitment to the Quad, and to a free, open and resilient Indo-Pacific. I look forward to hosting Quad Leaders in Australia in 2023. pic.twitter.com/pQ97B1nufQ

— Anthony Albanese (@AlboMP) May 24, 2022

According to CNN, Biden's comments quickly caught the Chinese government's attention. China expressed its "strong dissatisfaction and firm opposition" to Biden's comments, saying it will not allow any external force to interfere in its "internal affairs."[3]

During bilateral talks with the Prime Minister of Japan, Fumio Kushida, Joe Biden supported the Japanese plan to increase defense capabilities, thus confirming the cooperation of the United States with Japan to counter China's growing influence in the Pacific.

“The US-Japan alliance has long been the cornerstone of peace and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific, and the United States remains fully committed to Japan’s defence,” Biden said at the beginning of talks with Kishida at the Akasaka Palace in central Tokyo.[4]

In Tokyo, President Biden initiated the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) with over a dozen initial partners: Australia, Brunei, India, Indonesia, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. Together, these countries account for 40% of world GDP. The Biden plan will focus on four key pillars to establish high standard activities that will deepen the economic commitment of the signatories in the region. It is about building new economic connections between the countries of the region, supporting small and medium-sized enterprises, improving supply chains, making the economy more resistant to price changes, increasing the share of clean energy and decarbonisation in the economy, as well as implementing tax changes and preventing financial crime.[5]

• Read more: Biden will participate in the QUAD Summit in Japan

At the four-party meeting, the United States, Japan, Australia and India publicized a maritime initiative to reduce illegal fishing in the Indo-Pacific. It is one of the latest efforts of the QUAD allies to counter Chinese activities in the region. China is responsible for 95 percent of illegal fishing there.[6]

QUAD leaders stressed the need for free navigation in the East China Sea and the South China Sea, and expressed opposition to the militarization of disputed areas.

During the four-party negotiations, it was also announced that ties with the island states of the Pacific area would be strengthened. It is about both bilateral and multilateral alliances. One of the reasons for such declarations is the signing of China's recent agreement with the Solomon Islands.

The four Allies concluded Tuesday's summit with a joint statement in which they pledged "a relentless commitment to a free and open Indo-Pacific region that is inclusive and resilient."[7]

The aim of the leaders' meeting was to respond to the growing role of China in the region, but on the occasion of this summit, there were also bilateral talks between the United States and India. Joe Biden is well aware of the important role that Prime Minister Narendra Modi's state plays in the durability of the Indo-Pacific security system. India, however, has not denied its connections with the Russian Federation after Vladimir Putin invaded Ukraine three months ago. Both countries have long enjoyed friendly relations and close defense cooperation. This is evidenced by the fact that over 50% of Indian military equipment comes from Russia.

During the meeting, Biden was the first to speak. The president highlighted the newly disclosed economic plans of the anti-Chinese coalition in Indo-Pacific waters, as well as ongoing efforts to support India's Covid-19 vaccine production. Modi then made his comments, calling the Tokyo Summit "very positive and productive". He praised the US-India relationship as a "partnership of trust" and a force for global good.[8]

However, Biden's strategy in these relations is to build relations on the basis of the similarities that characterize both countries and interests in the region. Despite differences in perceptions of human rights or relations with Russia, according to a high-ranking US administration official. The United States is working hard to intensify India's cooperation with the Free World.[9]

The newly sworn in Prime Minister of Australia Anthony Albanese and Joe Biden also met in Tokyo. Just three days before the summit began, the Labor Party won the elections, and its leader became the new prime minister several hours before his departure to Tokyo. The meeting of the leaders of both countries was to confirm the firm alliance of the United States with Australia, discuss current issues related to cooperation within AUKUS and in the fight against global warming. Albanese added during the meeting that he is looking forward to welcoming Biden and Indian and Japanese leaders to the next QUAD summit in Australia in 2023.

One thing is for sure, Joe Biden is skilfully and confidently working to strengthen the Indo-Pacific partnership. The US president spent his trip to Asia meeting with South Korean and Japanese leaders, discussing the potential intensification of joint military exercises with South Korea. Joe Biden also pioneered the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework. Only united, economically and militarily strong states associated in the QUAD system and the bilateral relations of the United States with their allies are able to stop the growing aspirations of the People's Republic of China. The visit of the US president to Asia became the next step in the implementation of the political doctrine of "Pivot to Asia" and keeping the "Pax Americana" in this region of the world.

Jan Hernik 

Editor in chief, Expert

Jan Hernik is a journalist and publicist who gained experience in Polish independent Internet media broadcasts. In his career, he participated in the creation of projects related to domestic policy and geopolitics. Hernik has an experience in working as a TV presenter and editor of a news portal. At the Warsaw Institute, he is the editor-in-chief and expert in the field of the United States.

Hernik is a graduate of the American Studies Center at the University of Warsaw. He specializes in the theory of religion, race and ethnicity for political choice in the U.S presidential elections. His research interests also include the colonial era of the United States, the right to bear arms and the American liberal thought.

This article was written as part of the statutory activities of the Polish think tank Warsaw Institute. If you appreciate the content prepared by our partner, we appeal to you for financial support for this non-profit organisation.

More information:
www.warsawinstitute.org/support/

The agreement concluded in September 2021 by Australia, Great Britain and the United States confirmed that the most important method of ensuring security in the Indo-Pacific are multilateral alliances. AUKUS, however, initiated a new model of cooperation, which is also based on a shared cultural heritage. Steps taken in this direction may give rise to further Anglo-Saxon cooperation that may also include Canada and New Zealand.

AUKUS was created to facilitate the transfer of British and American nuclear submarine technology to Australia and to support the development of advanced new technologies that may become even more important in the future due to the hostile nature of China, Russia, Iran and North Korea.

• Read more: The United States announces military exercises in the South Pacific

Australia, Great Britain, and the United States had different reasons for creating this allied group. Australia was looking for closer ties with the UK and the US as it wanted nuclear powered submarine technology, largely due to the growing threat from China. With the Chinese Communist Party's aggressive diplomacy and the rapid expansion of the Chinese navy, Australia saw China's actions in the region as a threat to its sovereignty and right to self-determination. For this reason, its turn to the United States and the broad coalition of Free World states is growing.

When analyzing the military potential of the People's Liberation Army of China, it is clear that the Chinese have one of the largest armies in the world, including the largest navy today. As the Australians noted, it is the sea fleet that plays the greatest role in conducting military operations in this region. For this reason, the Scott Morrison government introduced Australia to AUKUS, but the maritime potential of allied countries alone may not constitute an overwhelming advantage over China, which equates to the lack of an appropriate preventive function in the region.

This is due to the calculations of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, which indicate that the Chinese navy currently has more than 530 combat ships.[1] Contrasting this number with 480 US Navy ships[2], 74 Royal Navy ships of Great Britain[3] and 44 hulls in the ranks of the Royal Australian Navy[4], it can be understood that in the face of the dynamic development of the Chinese sea fleet, the collective naval power of AUKUS gives only a slight advantage in the waters of the Pacific (530 vs 598). For this reason, further alliances should be sought to consolidate the Anglo-Saxon coalition in this region.

• Read more: Biden will participate in the QUAD Summit in Japan

One of the ways to increase the security and stabilization of the region is the broader allied involvement of the remaining countries of the anti-Chinese coalition, which also share the Anglo-Saxon connotations of Canada and New Zealand. Canada currently has 64 combat ships at its disposal, while New Zealand has 11 ships in its fleet. The involvement of these two countries, with the United States' separate activity in this region and activities within the AUKUS framework, would give rise to a new alliance that has been in the sphere of discussion for several years by politicians from Canada, New Zealand, Australia and Great Britain – CANZUK. The idea of ​​creating such a coalition is lobbied by the CANZUK International group and largely supported by British conservatives. Other supporters include think tanks such as the Adam Smith Institute, Henry Jackson Society, Bruges Group, and leading politicians from all of the four countries.

“It's time to be bold. Canada should propose a CANZUK deal to bring closer ties with our traditional friends – the UK, Australia and New Zeland” – said Erin O'Toole, a Canadian MP representing the Conservative Party of Canada.

“If we can do something better with Australia, Canada and New Zealand, we certainly should. We share very, very similar interests and a uniquely shared set of values” – added, speaking about the development perspective of CANZUK, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson.

The combined forces of the Anglo-Saxon alliance AUKUS with the Royal Navy of Canada and New Zealand would build a lasting counterbalance to the growing power of the People's Republic of China and the diplomatic activity of Communist China in the Solomon Islands region.

The merger of the AUKUS allies with the potential extension of the agreement of states within CANZUK would be instrumental in securing the South Pacific region.

According to publicly available sources, the Chinese navy currently numbers around 300,000 military personnel. Contrary to this number, the AUKUS countries have a total of over 399,000 soldiers in active service at sea.

Adding to this number the personnel potential of the Royal Canadian and New Zealand Navy (8,300 Canada and 2050 New Zealand), the countries of the potential Anglo-Saxon anti-Chinese coalition in the Indo-Pacific would count almost 410,000 actively serving soldiers. This is about 110,000 more than the current Navy of the People's Liberation Army of China.

On the other side, in the north of the Pacific Ocean, we can see the increased activity of the remaining US allies – Japan and South Korea, as a response to China's activities in the South China Sea region. Activity increases with the upcoming QUAD summit, which is scheduled for May 24, 2022 in Tokyo. It is there that many binding decisions will be made aimed at the proliferation of the so-called Pax Americana in this place on Earth.

Jan Hernik 

Editor in chief, Expert

Jan Hernik is a journalist and publicist who gained experience in Polish independent Internet media broadcasts. In his career, he participated in the creation of projects related to domestic policy and geopolitics. Hernik has an experience in working as a TV presenter and editor of a news portal. At the Warsaw Institute, he is the editor-in-chief and expert in the field of the United States.

Hernik is a graduate of the American Studies Center at the University of Warsaw. He specializes in the theory of religion, race and ethnicity for political choice in the U.S presidential elections. His research interests also include the colonial era of the United States, the right to bear arms and the American liberal thought.

This article was written as part of the statutory activities of the Polish think tank Warsaw Institute. If you appreciate the content prepared by our partner, we appeal to you for financial support for this non-profit organisation.

More information:
www.warsawinstitute.org/support/